One-loop effective brane action

The one-loop effective action for a $p$ brane embedded in a $D=p+2$ Minkowski spacetime in the static gauge is calculated. Rescaling the quantum fluctuation by $\sqrt{-g_0}$ evaluated on the background brane leads to the one-loop effective action expressed only in terms of infrared and ultraviolet divergent geometric scalars. After the infrared divergences are absorbed into the quantum fluctuation, there remains the finite number of ultraviolet divergences. This implies that the $D=p+2$ Poincar\'{e} symmetry and the $D=p+1$ general coordinate invariance are preserved in one-loop order.Comment: 12 pages, no figur

Observation of experimental lathyrism in the rat

The clinical manifestations, roentgenologic studies, and histopathologic findings of the central nervous system of rats with induced lathyrism were described. The question of whether the experimental lathyrism is due to a primary central nervous system involvement or is entirely secondary to bony abnormality is not conclusively answered by this study. However, the evidence of diffuse widespread vacuolization which is more marked in the cord, medulla, and cerebellum than in the hemisphere, strongly suggests the former etiology.</p

When and how did Japan catch up with Korea?: A comparative study of the pre-industrial economies of Korea and Japan

This paper compares the economic development of Korea and Japan during the past three millennia. In particular, it examines why, although the Korean economy was more advanced from around the six century B.C. to around the sixth century A.D., Japan subsequently surpassed Korea in terms of economic development and the gap continued to widen during the Tokugawa period (1603-1867). It is argued that until the eleventh century, the economic gap between Korea and Japan can be largely explained by geography, while from the twelfth to the seventeenth century, differences in institutions, systems of economic integration, and human capabilities - all shaped by a divergence in political systems - played a key role in Japan's catch-up with Korea.pre-modern Korea, pre-modern Japan, per capita GDP, catch-up, geography, institutions, human capabilities, system of economic integration, "small world economy"